Unit 3: Who invented that?

Vocabulary

^{_{Invent (v.) to make, design or produce something for the first time.}}
^{_{Inventor (n.) someone who makes, designs, or produces new things.}}
^{_{Invention (n.) something that has been invented.}}
^{_{Possession (n.) something that you own.}}
^{_{Personal (adj.) belong to you , done by you or experienced by you, not other people.}}
^{_{Public (n.) all the ordinary people in a country or place.}}
^{_{Electrical (adj.) using or concerned with electricity.}}
^{_{Electronic (adj.) using electrical power and microchips to operate machines such as computers, radios and calculators.}}
^{_{Item (n.) a single thing in a set, group or list.}}
^{_{Furniture (n.) objects such as chairs, tables, and beds, that you use in a room, office.}}
^{_{Equipment (n.) the things that are used for a particular activity.}}
^{_{Communication (n.) the process of exchanging information or ideas by speaking or writing.}}
^{_{Circular (adj.) shaped like a circle.}}
^{_{Tubular (adj.) made of tubes or shaped like a tube.}}
^{_{Rectangular (adj.) shaped like a rectangle.}}
^{_{Modern (adj.) using new methods, designs, or equipment.}}
^{_{Old-fashioned (adj.) not modern and not fashionable any more.}}
^{_{High-tech (adj.) using the most modern machines, equipment and methods.}}
^{_{Narrow (adj.) measuring only a small distance from one side to the other.}}
^{_{Wide (adj.) measuring a large distance.}}
^{_{Square (n.) a shape with four straight equal sides and four angles of 90 degrees.}}
^{_{Man-made (adj.) not made naturally or not made of natural materials.}}
^{_{Natural (adj.) normal, usual, not made, not caused or controlled by humans.}}
^{_{Clay (n.) a type of heavy soil that is used for making pots, bricks.}}
^{_{Cotton (n.) cloth or thread made from the cotton plant.}}
^{_{Paper (n.) thin material used for writing on, drawing on, wrapping things in.}}
^{_{Metal (n.) a hard, usually shiny, substance such as iron, gold or steel.}}
^{_{Leather (n.) animal skin used for making shoes and bags.}}
^{_{Glass (n.) a hard transparent material that is used for making windows and bottles.}}
^{_{Wood (n.) a material made from trees.}}
^{_{Wool (n.) the soft thick hair of a sheep. The soft thick thread or cloth that is made from the hair of sheep.}}
^{_{Plastic (n.) a cheap light material which is used for making different objects and is produced by a chemical process.}}
^{_{Sharp (adj.) something that is has a very thin edge or narrow point and can cut things easily.}}
^{_{Oblong (adj.) having a shape with four corners that is longer than it is wide.}}
^{_{Guess (v.) to try to answer a question or make a judgment without knowing all the facts.}}
^{_{Reeds (n.) a tall plant like grass that grows near water.}}
^{_{Army (n.) the part of a country’s military force that is trained to fight on land.}}
^{_{Imagine (v.) to form a picture or idea in the mind.}}
^{_{Ancient (adj.) of times long ago, very old.}}
^{_{Resemble (v.) to look or be like.}}
^{_{Mix (v.) to cause to be combined so as to form a whole, of which the parts cannot easily be separated one from another.}}
^{_{Revolution (n.) a time of great social change especially the changing of a ruler and political system by force.}}
^{_{Claim (v.) to ask for, demand , or take a property or money as the rightful owner or as one’s right.}}
^{_{Influential (adj.)having an effect on.}}
^{_{Peaceful (adj.) quiet, untroubled, liking peace.}}
^{_{Decade (n.) a period of ten years.}}
^{_{Defeat (v.) to win a victory over, beat.}}
^{_{Prisoner (n.) a person kept in a prison for some crime or while waiting to be tired.}}
^{_{Secret (n.) something kept hidden or known only to a few.}}
^{_{Gradually (adv.) happening slowly and by degrees.}}
^{_{Spread (v.) to stretch out, to cover a large area or period of time.}}
^{_{Mash (v.) to crush into a soft substance.}}
^{_{Foolish (adj.) without good sense, stupid, laughable.}}
^{_{Wise (adj.) having or showing good sense, cleverness, the ability to understand what happens and decide on the right action.}}
^{_{Quill (n.) a former type of pen made from a bird’s long stiff feathers.}}
^{_{Feather (n.) one of the many parts of the covering which grows on a bird’s body.}}
^{_{Wing (n.) one of the limbs by which a bird or insect flies.}}
^{_{Curved (adj.) in the shape of curve.}}
^{_{Goose (n.) a large white bird which looks like a duck and makes a hissing noise.}}
^{_{Swan (n.) a large white bird with a long neck which lives on rivers and lakes.}}
^{_{Eagle (n.) a very large bird of prey with a hooked beak and very good eyesight.}}
^{_{Owl (n.) a bird that flies at night.}}
^{_{Hawk (n.) a large bird which catches other birds and small animals for food.}}
^{_{Crow (n.) a large shiny black bird with a low loud cry.}}
^{_{Design (v.) to make a drawing or pattern of, to draw the plans for.}}
^{_{Dip (v.) to put something into a liquid for a moment.}}
^{_{Development (n.) the act or action of developing or the state of being developed.}}
^{_{Inkwell=inkstand (n.) a container contains coloured liquid used especially for writing.}}
^{_{Fountain pen (n.) an instrument for writing or drawing with ink.}}
^{_{Disaster (n.) sudden great misfortune.}}
^{_{Disastrous (adj.) very bad causing a disaster.}}
^{_{Leak (n.) a small accidental hole or crack especially in a container through which something flows in or out.}}
^{_{Destroy (v.) to ruin, put an end to the existence of something.}}
^{_{Improve (v.) to cause to become better.}}
^{_{Valuable (adj.) worth a lot of money.}}
^{_{Variety of (n.) difference of condition or quality.}}
^{_{Waste (v.) to use wrongly, not use , or use too much of.}}
^{_{Smudge (n.) a dirty mark.}}
^{_{Scratch (v.) to rub and tear or mark a surface with something pointed or rough.}}
^{_{Hypnotism (n.) the practice of hypnotizing someone.}}
^{_{Coast (n.) the land next to the sea.}}
^{_{Astonished (adj.) great surprise or wonder.}}
^{_{President (n.) the head of the government in many modern states that do not have a king or a queen.}}
^{_{Discover (v.) to find something existing but not known before. To find out a fact.}}
^{_{Advertisement (n.) a notice of something for sale, job to be filled, or room to rent as in a newspaper, on television, or posted on a wall.}}
^{_{Miraculous (adj.) happened and can’t be explained by the laws of nature.}}
^{_{Incredible (adj.) too strange to be believed, unbelievable.}}
^{_{Guarantee (v.) to give a promise of quality payment, or fulfillment.}}
^{_{Wage (n.) a weekly amount of money given for work.}}
^{_{Version (n.) a slightly different form, copy or style of an article.}}
^{_{Produce (v.) to show, bring out, or offer, to grow or supply.}}
^{_{Magnify (v.) to make something appear larger than it is.}}
^{_{Shape (n.) the appearance or form of something.}}
^{_{Lenses (n.) special pieces of glass, curved on one or both sides, used to make glasses for the eyes, cameras.}}
^{_{Convex (adj.) curved outwards, like the outside edge of a circle.}}
^{_{Spectacles (n.) glasses to help a person to see.}}
^{_{Glasses (n.) two pieces of specially-cut glass usually in a frame and worn in front of the eyes to help a person to see.}}
^{_{Popular (adj.) favoured by many people, well liked.}}
^{_{Available (adj.) able to be got, obtained.}}
^{_{Century (n.) a period of hundred years.}}
^{_{Attitude (n.) a way of feeling, thinking, or behaving.}}
^{_{Predict (v.) to see or describe a future happening in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason.}}
^{_{Prediction (n.) something that is predicted.}}

Student Book P.20

_{Make a list of at least 30 manufactured items. Choose at least one from each of the following categories:}

_{Personal possessions}

_clothing

_{Electrical or electronic items}

_furniture

_{Telecommunication equipment}

_{…………………….}

_{……………}

_{…………………………….}

_{……………}

_{……………………………….}

_{Answer the following questions:}

_{What are the items in your lists made of materials? Choose from this list of materials:}

_Materials

_Items

_Paper

_Wood

_Plastic

_Metal

_Leather

_Wool

_Cotton

_Clay

_Glass

_{Man-made fiber}

_{……………………………….....................................................}

_{………………………………......................................................}

_{What shape and size are the items? Use these words to describe them:}

_Shape

_Size

_Items

_Round

_Square

_Sharp

_Pointed

_Circular

_Tubular

_Oblong

_Rectangular

_Box-shaped

_Long

_Short

_Narrow

_Wide

_{………………………………..}

_¶

_{Which of the items are of more than one material?}

_Items

_{Made of}

_{…………………}

_{……………………………….}

_{What other adjectives can you use to describe the items? Here are some examples to help:}

_Items

_Adjectives

_{…………………}

_{……………………………….}

_{Where do you think the items are made?}

_Items

_{Made in}

_{…………………}

_{……………………………….}

Student Book P.21

_{Read the information about the history of paper. Then answer the questions:}

_{Sixth thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians invented papyrus, the first substance that resembled paper as we know it. Papyrus was a woven mat of reeds, pounded together into a thin sheet. The word ‘paper’ actually comes from the word ‘papyrus’}_{Two thousand years ago, paper was invented by Ts’ai lun, a Chinese court official. It is believed that Ts’ai ‘lun mixed mulberry bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into a pulb, pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun. this strange mixture started one of the greatest communication revokutions in history. Ts’ai Lun can claim to be the most influential inventor of all time. Fifteen hundred years ago, in Samarkand, on the silk Route to China, the Chinese and Arab armies clashed after decades of peaceful trading. The Chinese were defeated and many were taken prisoner. Among the prisoners were paper makers who then taught the Arabs the secrets of paper making. A thousand years ago, paper finally arrived in Europe. The first paper mill in Europe was built by the Arabs in Xativa, Spain. Gradually, paper-making spread across the rest of Europe and the rest of the world.}

_{Now answer the questions:}

_{1- Where does the English word paper come from?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{2- Which part of a tree did Ts’ai Lun use to make paper?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{3- What was the importance of the defeat of the Chinese army by the Arab army?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{4- Where was the first European paper mill and who built it?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

Grammar

Student Book P.24

_{passive & active}

_{Active Subject + Verb + Object}

_{Passive Object + Verb ( Be+ P.P) + Agent}

_Be

_{Present ( am, is, are)}

_{Past (was , were)}

_{Future (will + be)}

_{Present continuous ( am, is, are + being)}

_{Past continuous ( was, were + being)}

_{Present perfect (have, has + been)}

_{Past perfect (had + been)}

_{Subject Pronouns}

_{Object Pronouns}

_He

_She

_It

_We

_You

_They

_Me

_Him

_Her

_It

_Us

_You

_Them

_{Active Ali writes a new story.}

_{Passive A new story is written by Ali.}

_{Active Shakespeare wrote many plays.}

_{Passive Many plays were written by Shakespeare.}

_{Active He will follow the doctor’s advice.}

_{Passive The doctor’s advice will be followed.}

_{Change into passive:}

_{1-The news surprised me.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{2-Alex is preparing that report.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{3-We defeated the enemy.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{4-Many people celebrate Christmas.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{5-Bob will invite Ann to the party.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{6-could she answer these questions?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{7-Millions of Muslims celebrated Eid El-Fitr.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{8-Did you put the baby in bed?}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{9-the ship had struck the rock.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_{10-someone had opened the letter.}

_{………………………………………………………………………}

_suffix

_{A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word.}

_{A suffixcan make a new word in one of two ways:}

_{Inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog , dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk , walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.}

_{Derivational(the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, (teach , teacher) or (care , careful)}

_{Inflectional suffixes}

_{Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word.}

_{Ex) So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning.}

_{In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same.}

_{In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness".}

_{Look at these examples:}

_suffix	_{grammatical change}	_{example original word}	_{example suffixed word}
_-s	_plural	_dog	_dogs
_-en	_{plural (irregular)}	_ox	_oxen
_-s	_{3rd person singular present}	_like	_{he likes}
_-ed	_{past tense past participle}	_work	_{he worked he has worked}
_-en	_{past participle (irregular)}	_eat	_{he has eaten}
_-ing	_{continuous/progressive}	_sleep	_{he is sleeping}
_-er	_comparative	_big	_bigger
_-est	_superlative	_big	_{the biggest}

_{Derivational suffixes}

_{With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech.}

_{But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.}

_{We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:}

_{derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)}

_{There are several hundred derivational suffixes.}

_{Here are some of the more common ones:}

_suffix	_making	_{example original word}	_{example suffixed word}
_-ation	_nouns	_explore	_exploration
_-sion		_persuade	_persuasion
_-er		_teach	_teacher
_-cian		_music	_musician
_-ess		_god	_goddess
_-ness		_sad	_sadness
_-al		_arrive	_arrival
_-ary		_diction	_dictionary
_-ment		_treat	_treatment
_-y		_victor	_victory
_-al	_adjectives	_accident	_accidental
_-ary		_imagine	_imaginary
_-able		_tax	_taxable
_-ly		_brother	_brotherly
_-y		_ease	_easy
_-ful		_sorrow	_sorrowful
_-ly	_adverbs	_helpful	_helpfully
_-ize	_verbs	_private	_privatize
_-ate	_verbs	_hyphen	_hyphenate

Writing

Student Book P.25

_{Write a summary of the following text:}

_{Quills, leaks and smudges}

_{“No man was more foolish when he had no pen in his hand, more wise when he had.” Samuel Johnson. Have you ever stopped to think what the first pens were like? Quill pens, which were made from birds’ feathers, were the most important writing instruments for nearly two thousand years. The best quills were made from feathers on the left wing, which were better because the feathers curved away when a right handed writer used the quill Goose feathers were the most common quills, while swan feathers were scarcer and more expensive. For making fine lines, crow feathers were the best, and the feathers of the eagle, owl, hawk, and turkey were also Quill pens lasted for only a week before it was necessary to replace them. To sharpen the quill, the writer needed a special knife, which is the origin of the word pen-knife. Writers would dip their quills into a small container of ink called an inkwell. Until the 1960s, school desks in England were designed with a hole in the top-right corner for the inkwell, even though pupils had given up dipping their pens in ink twenty years before! The next development was the fountain pen, a pen which contained its own ink. However, early designs of fountain pens were disastrous, as ink would leak onto the writers’ fingers and more important onto the paper they were writing on. In 1884, an insurance salesman called Lewis Waterman developed the first practical fountain pen. Waterman had a good reason for wanting to improve the early fountain pen designs, having destroyed a valuable sales contract when ink leaked from his pen. The ball-point pen was first developed in1935 by the most famous Hungarian inventor of all time, Ladislas Biro.}

_{The summary of the text:}

_{………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………}