Unit 6 Tomorrow’s World
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World عالم Future مستقبل Events أحداث Navigate يبحر Satellite navigation system نظام الملاحة باستخدام القمر الصناعي Route طريق Probably من المحتمل Rain تمطر/ مطر Inspector مفتش Oil النفط Electricity الكهرباء Electric كهربي Environment البيئة Air pollution تلوث الهواء Pollute يلوث Polluted ملوث Fuel وقود Burn يحرق Efficiently بكفاءة Design يصمم problem مشكلة |
Battery بطارية Store يخزن Empty فارغ Take over يحل محل Recharge يعيد شحن Amount كم Air bag وسادة هوائية Intention نية/ قصد Intend ينوي Decide يقرر Decision قرار Predict يتنبأ Prediction تنبؤ Evidence دليل Arrange يرتب Arrangement ترتيب Plan يخطط/ خطة Personal شخصي Traffic jam ازدحام مروري Exhaust fumes عوادم السيارات Engine محرك Natural gas غاز طبيعي |
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Engineer مهندس Lung الرئة Fill يملأ Damage يتلف/ يضر Health صحة Scientist عالم Discover يكتشف Run on يعمل بـ Vegetable oil زيت نباتي Mean يعنى / يقصد Hydrogen هيدروجين Oxygen اوكسجين Solve يحل Solution حل Protect يحمي Protection حماية Discuss يناقش Composition قطعة كتابية Left متبقي |
Expert خبير Replace يستبدل Replacement استبدال/ بديل Possible ممكن Impossible مستحيل Situation موقف Lead to يؤدي إلى Industry صناعة Instead of بدلاً من Suggest يقترح Suggestion اقتراح Agree يوافق Disagree يرفض System نظام Need يحتاج Find يجد Reason سبب Perhaps ربما Driving القيادة
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Vocabulary
- World (n.) the planet we live on, including all of the people, countries on it.
- Future (n.) the time after now.
- Events (n.) something that happens, especially something important, interesting or unusual.
- Navigate (v.) to find how to go to a place, especially by using maps.
- Route (n.) the way from one place to another.
- Probably (adv.) likely to happen or be true.
- Rain (n.) water that falls in small drops from clouds in the sky.
- Inspector (n.) someone whose job is to check that something is of a good enough standard and that rules are being obeyed.
- Oil (n.) a thick dark liquid from under the ground, used to make petrol.
- Electricity (n.) the power that is carried by wires and used to provide light or make machines work.
- Electric (adj.) work using electricity.
- Pollution (n.) damage caused to the environment by harmful chemicals and waste.
- Pollute (v.) to make air, water, soil dirty or dangerous.
- Polluted (adj.) full of pollution.
- Fuel (n.) a substance such as coal, gas or oil which can be burned to produce heat and power.
- Burn (v.) to produce heat and flames.
- Efficient (adj.) working well, quickly and without wasting time or energy. Efficiently (adv.)
- Design (v.) to draw or plan something that will be made, done or built.
- Battery (n.) an object that provides the electrical power for a toy, machine, car.
- Store (v.) to put things away and keep them there until you need them.
- Empty (adj.) having nothing or no one inside.
- Take over (v.) to get control of something.
- Recharge (v.) to put a new supply of electricity into a battery.
- Amount (n.) how much of something there is.
- Airbag (n.) a bag in a car that fills with air to protect people in an accident.
- Intention (n.) something that you plan to do.
- Intend (v.) to have something in your mind as a plan or purpose.
- Decide (v.) to make a choice or judgment about something.
- Decision (n.) a choice or judgment that you make.
- Predict (v.) to say something will happen.
- Prediction (n.)a statement saying what you expect to happen or when you make this kind of statement.
- Evidence (n.) facts, statements or signs that make you believe that something exists or is true.
- Arrange (v.) to make plans for something to happen.
- Arrangement (n.) (usually plural) the things that you must organize for something to happen.
- Plan (n.) an idea or arrangement for achieving something that will happen in the future.
- Plan (v.) to think about something you want to do and how you will do it.
- Personal (adj.) (only before noun) belonging to you, done by you, or experienced by you, not other people.
- Traffic jam (n.) a long line of vehicles on the road that cannot move, or that move very slowly.
- Exhaust fumes (n.) the waste gas that is produced when an engine is working.
- Engine (n.) the part of a car, plane that makes it move by producing power from oil, steam or electricity.
- Engineer (n.) someone who designs the way, roads, bridges, machines are built.
- Natural gas (n.) gas used for cooking or heating that is taking from under the ground.
- Lung (n.) one of two organs in your body that you use for breathing.
- Fill (v.) to make something full.
- Damage (n.) physical harm done to something so that it is broken or spoiled.
- Health (n.) the general condition of your body, and how healthy you are.
- Scientist (n.) someone who works in science.
- Discover (v.) to find something that was hidden, or that people did not know about before.
- Run on (v.) when a lot of people suddenly buy something at the same time.
- Vegetable oil (n.) oil that is made from plants which are grown.
- Mean (v.) to intend a particular meaning when you say something.
- Hydrogen (n.) a gas that is lighter than air, and that becomes water when it combines with oxygen.
- Oxygen (n.) a gas in the air that all living things need.
- Expert (n.) someone with special skills or knowledge of a subject.
- Replace (v.) to start using a different person or thing instead of the one you use now.
- Replacement (n.) someone or something that replaces another person or thing.
- Possible (adj.) can be done. ≠impossible.
- Situation (n.) the combination of all the things that are happening and all the conditions that exist at a particular time and place.
- Lead to (v.) to cause something to happen.
- Industry (n.)the production of goods especially in factories.
- Instead of (adv.) in the place of someone or something else.
- Suggest (v.) to tell someone your ideas about what should be done.
- Suggestion (n.) an idea or plan that someone suggests.
- Agree (v.) to have the same opinion about something.
- Disagree (v.) to have a different opinion from someone else.
- System (n.) an organized way of doing something.
- Need (v.) if you need something, you must have it in order to live or in order to do something.
- Find (v.) to discover, see or get something that you have been looking for.
- Reason (n.) the fact that explains why something happens or exists.
- Perhaps (adv.) used to say that something may happen or may be true but you are not sure.
- Solve (v.) to find an answer to a problem.
- Solution (n.) a solution to a problem or puzzle is away of dealing with it or an answer.
- Protect (v.) to prevent someone or something from being harmed or damaged.
- Discuss (v.) to talk about something with someone in order to exchange ideas or decide something.
- Composition (n.) a short piece of writing about a subject by a student.
- Driving (n.) the act of driving a car or the way someone drives.
Listening
Listen and complete:
Listen and complete the sentences:
1- A car satellite navigation system tells the speaker ………………………………..
2- Soon Leila’s sister and her husband will have ………………………… children.
3- The inspector is arriving at ……………………o’clock on ……………………… morning.
4- Lucy and Pau are probably staying for …………………… this evening.
5- The speaker thinks it’s going to rain because…………………….
Reading
Cars without oil
1 Air pollution is a big problem for people and the environment. If you sit in a traffic jam in Cairo, your lungs will fill with the exhaust fumes from cars, buses and lorries. Air which is polluted by exhaust fumes can damage your health as well as the environment.
2 Scientists are working on the problem of exhaust pollution. Now, all cars burn petrol more efficiently than in the past. Scientists have also designed engines which use natural gas, and many buses in Cairo and other cities use these engines.
3 engineers also designed electric cars that use batteries. The batteries in early electric cars could not store as much fuel as petrol vehicles. This meant that they could not travel as far or as fast as petrol cars. Now, however, engineers have designed cars which use both electricity and petrol. When the battery is empty, the petrol engine takes over, and when the car uses petrol, this recharges the battery. These cars can go farther using the same amount of petrol as ordinary cars.
4 Scientist have also discovered that cars can run on vegetable oil, which means that farmers will be able to “grow” fuel in their fields. And now engineers are working on a new type of car battery which makes energy out of hydrogen and oxygen. Experts believe that we may be able to buy cars using these batteries in the next ten years.
5 We know that at same time in the future, there will be no oil in the world, so we need to find a replacement for petrol as soon as possible.
Read and match:
Match the headings with the correct paragraphs 1-5:
a Electric cars.
b The newest ideas.
c The problems of car exhaust gases.
d The end of oil.
e Better engines and natural gas.
Read again and answer:
Read again and answer these questions:
1) How are the engines in today’s cars better than in the past?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2) How are cars that use engines and batteries better than early electric cars?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3) What may car batteries use in a few years’ time?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4) Why is it so important for us to find a replacement for petrol soon?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5) Where does the air pollution in big cities come from?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Writing
Write a paragraph reflects your opinion about:
· Modern countries need industry. Industry leads to pollution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Speaking
Do you agree or disagree with the following and why?
The best way to protect the environment is to stop people driving cars.
For : cars are damaging the environment.
Against : many people need to use their cars every day for work.
Grammar
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are nouns made of two or more nouns. They are often used instead of phrases with prepositions.
Read and replace:
Replace the words in italics with compound nouns:
a) These days, cars can use oil made from vegetables…………………………
b) Cars, buses and Lorries produce pollution of the air………………………..
c) Has your car got a system which uses a satellite of navigation?......................
d) I sat in a jam of traffic for 45 minutes on the way to work today…………..
Read and match:
Match to make compound nouns:
a) Book 1) day
b) Mountain 2) centre
c) City 3) jam
d) Traffic 4) shop
e) Birth 5) village
Future Forms
In English, there are many ways of talking about events in the future.
Basic meanings of the forms
Most students know that “will” and “going to” are used to talk about future time in English. However, we also use the present progressive (“be” + ING) and the present simple tense. Here are the basic rules.
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Form |
Meaning / Usage |
Example |
|---|---|---|
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“Will” |
volunteering to do something |
A: I need a pencil. |
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“Going to” |
talking about something that is already decided |
A: Have you registered for the class yet? |
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Present Continuous |
talking about something that is already arranged |
A: Do you want to go to the movies tonight? |
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Present simple |
talking about a schedule, timetable or program |
A: What time does the next bus leave? |
Predicting the future
When you are predicting what you think will happen in the future, you should choose the form based on how certain you are. If you're not too sure, it's fine to use “will”, but if you're nearly certain about something, it's best to use “going to”.
I think it will rain.
(I'm not sure, but it looks like it might.)
It's going to rain.
(I'm sure it's going to rain — I can see black clouds in the sky.)
The Future Simple Tense
Formation
يتكون المستقبل البسيط من willأو shallمضافا إليهما المصدر بدون to.
I He
We shall + inf. She will + inf.
It
Usage
يستعمل المستقبل البسيط للتعبير عن حدث سيحدث في المستقبل.
key words
في المستقبل In the future غدا Tomorrow التالي Next
Negative
في حالة نفي المستقبل البسيط نستخدمwill/shall + notأو won’t/shan’t
*Correct the verb between brackets:
a- Next month I (am) twenty.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b- He promised that he (pay) me tomorrow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c- I hope I (pass) the examination next month.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d- Why he (go) to the market tomorrow?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e- We (go) to Scotland in June.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f- I (open) the window?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
g- Tom (pass) his examination. He hasn’t done any work for it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
h- When you (know) your examination results?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The Future Continous Tense
Formation
Will
+ be + V.ing
Shall
Usage
* يستعمل للتعبير عن حدث سوف يكون مستمر في زمن معين في المستقبل.
* يستعمل للتعبير عن حدث سيستمر لفترة طويلة في المستقبل.
key words
This time tomorrow, at the usual time, in half an
hour, all next week, all tomorrow morning,
in the autumn
Negation
في حالة النفي نقوم بوضع notبين willأوshallو V.to be+V.ing
Exercises
1) Correct the verb in brackets:
a- He (sleep) at four o’clock.
b- Ahmed (do) his home work after dinner.
c- I still (mend) the car at seven o’clock.
d- I (wait) for you at the usual time.
e- He (travel) all night.
f- They (study) English for three more years.
g- We work hard in the autumn.
h- They (have) dinner on the train.
i- She (leave) for London in June.
j- He (read) in the library all tomorrow morning.
2) Complete the following sentences:
a- I’m going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening.
So at 9.30 I
b- Tomorrow afternoon I’m going to play tennis from 3 o’clock until 4.30.
So at 4o’clock tomorrow
c- Jim is going to study from 7 o’clock until 10 o’clock this evening.
So at 8.30 this evening he
d- We are going to clean the flat tomorrow. I’ll take from 9 until 11 o’clock.
So at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning
The Future Perfect Tense
Formation
Shall
+ have+ P.P
Will
Usage
* يستعمل المستقبل التام عندما يكون الحدث سيكون قد انتهى في المستقبل في وقت محدد.
Ex) Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25th wedding anniversary. They will have been married for 25 years.
(Now they have been married for 24 years ).
key words
This time tomorrow, at the usual time, in half an
hour, all next week, all tomorrow morning,
in the autumn, at 11 o’clock.
Negation
* في حالة نفي المستقبل التام عن طريق وضع notبين
shallأو willو بين الــhave+ P.P
Exercises
1)Complete the following sentences:
a- Tom and Ann are going to the cinema. The film begins at 7.30 and it is already 7.20. And it will take them 20 minutes to go there. When they get there , (the film, already, start)
b- Jim always goes to bed at 11 o’clock Tom is going to visit him at 11.30 this evening When Tom arrives, (Jim, go, to bed)
c- Tom is on holiday. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quickly. Before the end of this holiday,( he, spend, all his money)
d-Brian came to Britain from the US nearly three years ago . Next Monday it will be exactly three years since he arrived. Next Monday (he, be, here, exactly three years)
The Present Simple Tense
Formation
يتكون المضارع البسيط من المصدر بدون to و في بعض الحالات يضاف sأو es
He I
She verb + s or es You v.inf.
It We
They
* نضيف esمع الأفعال التي تنتهي بـ ss, sh, ch, o, x, بشرط أن تكون هذه الأفعال مع الضمائر He, She, It أو مع الأسماء التي تحل محل هذه الضمائر.
wash: washes watch: watches
*الأفعال التي تنتهي بـyبعد حرف ساكن تحول فيهل الـyالى Iويضاف إليها esأما إذا كان قبل الـ yحرف متحرك فإن الـ yتظل كما هي و يضاف إليها s.
و الحروف المتحركة هي:( a, e, o, u,i)
Usage
للتعبير عن حقيقة علميةScientific fact.
* The water freezes at 0ºC.
للتعبير عن عادةhabitأو عن أعمال تكررrepeatedly.
* I get up at 7 o’clock every morning.
للتعبير عن القدرةability.
* Ahmed speaks English well.
لوصف الأشخاص والأشياء.
* The weather is fine today.
في الحكم و الأمثال proverbs.
* The end justifies the means.
key words
فترة زمنيةEvery + دائما ً Alwaysعادة Usually
أبدا Never من آن لاّ Occasionally في بعض الأحيان Sometimes
غالباً Often بوجه عام generally نادرا Scarcely, rarely
Negative
في حالة نفي المضارع البسيط نقوم باستخدام don’tأوdoesn’t.
نستخدم don’tمع الأفعال inf.أما doesn’tمع الأفعال المضاف لها sأو es.
Ann doesn’t often drink tea.
Exercise
Put the verb into the correct form:
a- water (boil) at 100 degree centigrade.
b- the sun (rise) in the east.
c- How many language (you / speak)?
d- They often (spend) the summer at Alexandria.
e- My elder brother (speak)French well.
f- I (play) the piano, but I (play)very well.
g- The swimming bath (open) at9.00 and (close) at 18.30.
Choose the correct verb from those between brackets:
a- The earth (go-goes-gos) round the sun.
b- Children (are-is-be) fond of sweets.
c- She (visit-visits-visites) her uncle every week.
d- John (doesn’t go-don’t go-not go) to the cinema very often.
e- Nurses ( look-looks-looking) after patients in hospitals.
f- I (works-am working- work) in a bank.
The present Continous Tense
Formation
V.to Be (at present) + Gerund
am ,is , are + V.ing
Usage
· يستعمل المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدث يقع الاّن أو في هذه اللحظة.
· يستعمل المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدثين مختلفين يحدثان مختلفين يحدثان معا في نفس الوقت.
· يستعمل للدلالة على المستقبل القريب.
· يستعمل للتعبير على المواقف المؤقتةTemporary Situation.
key words
Now , listen , at this moment , at present , look
is speaking French.
Negation
* قي حالة النفي نضع notبين v.to beوالـv.ing
am
is not+V.ing
are
He is not playing games now because he is writing his homework.
Exercises
1)Choose the correct words from those between brackets:
a- I [go-went- am going] to the cinema tonight.
b- look! The boy [beat- is beating- beats] the donkey.
c- Your mother[wait- is waiting- will wait] for you at this moment.
d- At the present moment all the pupils[are sitting- sit- will sit] quietly because their teacher [ speaks- spoke- is speaking].
e-My brother [ speaks- speak- spoke] four foreign languages. Now he
[ learn- is learning learns] a fifth.
2)Complete these sentences using one of these verbs:
{ get- become- change- rise- improve- fall- increase}
a- The population of the world very fast.
b- The number of people without jobs at the moment.
c- He is still ill but he better slowly.
d- These days food more and more expensive.
e- The world . Things never stay the same.
f- The cost of living .Every year things are dearer.
g- George has gone to work in Spain. When he arrived, his Spanish wasn’t very good but now it
h- The economic situation is already very bad and it worse.
Match each sentence with the correct use:
|
Sentence
|
Use |
|
1)The school inspector is coming on Thursday. He’s arriving at 10 o’clock. |
A future fact |
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2)I expect Lucy and Pauk will stay for dinner. |
A future arrangement |
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3)Oh, that’s them. I’ll get it.
|
A future plan or intention |
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4)Next month I’m going to buy a new car.
|
A future prediction |
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5)It’s really dark. I think it’s going to rain.
|
A quick decision |
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6)It’s my birthday next Tuesday. I’ll be 17. |
A future prediction where there is evidence |