Vocabulary

• ^{_{Decade (n.) a period of ten years.}}
• ^{_{Century (n.) a period of 100 years.}}
• ^{_{Event (n.) a happening usually an important one.}}
• ^{_{Broadcast (n.) a single radio or television presentation.}}
• ^{_{Broadcast (v.) to send out or give radio or television presentation.}}
• ^{_{Sequence (n.) a group of things arranged in an order, especially following one another time.}}
• ^{_{Exploration (n.) the travel into or through a place for the purpose of discovery.}}
• ^{_{Pole (n.) either end of an imaginary straight line (axis) around which a solid round mass turns. Especially, the most northern and southern points of the surface of the earth.}}
• ^{_{Polar (adj.) of, near, like, or coming from lands near the north or south poles.}}
• ^{_{Take place (v.) happen.}}
• ^{_{Involve in (v.) to cause someone to become connected or concerned.}}
• ^{_{Victory (n.) act of winning or state of having won in war or in any kind of struggle. Victorious (adj.) victoriously (adv.)}}
• ^{_{Cave (n.) a deep natural hallow place either underground or in the side of a cliff or hill.}}
• ^{_{Archaeologist (n.) the person who studies the buried remains of ancient times such as houses, pots, tools, and weapons.}}
• ^{_{Famous (adj.) well known.}}
• ^{_{Discover (v.) to find something existing but known before. Discovery (n.) discoverer (n.)}}
• ^{_{Invent (n.) to make up, think of, or produce for the first time.(didn’t exist before) invention (n.) inventor (n.)}}
• ^{_{Amateur (adj.) a person without experience or skill in a particular art or sport. A person who performs plays , takes part in sports, takes photographs for enjoyment and without being paid for it.}}
• ^{_{Mature (adj.) a fully grown and developed.}}
• ^{_{Professional (adj.) doing for money what others do for enjoyment. Professionally (adv.)}}
• ^{_{Professional (n.) a person who earns money by practicing a particular skill or sport.}}
• ^{_{Illustration (n.) an example which explains the meaning of something.         A picture especially in a book.}}
• ^{_{Painting (n.) the art or practice of painting pictures.}}
• ^{_{Painter (n.) a person whose job is painting houses, rooms. A person who paints pictures.}}
• ^{_{Paint (v.) to make a picture of somebody or something using paint.}}
• ^{_{Paint (n.) liquid colouring matter which can be put or spread on a surface to make it a certain colour.}}
• ^{_{Civilization (n.) a stage of human social development especially one with a high level of art, religion, science, government and a written language.                 The type of advanced society of a particular time or place.}}
• ^{_{Amazing (adj.) causing great surprise or wonder because of quantity or quality.}}
• ^{_{Shore (n.) the land along the edge of a large stretch of water.(sea or lake).}}
• ^{_{Bank (n.) the land along the edge of a river.}}
• ^{_{Coast= seaside (n.) the whole area bordering the sea. Near the sea but not necessarily right on the edge.}}
• ^{_{Beach (n.) the part of the shore that is covered by sand or smooth stones.}}
• ^{_{Beach (n.) the part of the shore that is covered by sand or smooth stones.}}
• ^{_{Particular (adj.) special, unusual, worthy of notice.}}
• ^{_{Particularly (adv.) specially, in a way that is special and different from others.}}
• ^{_{Ancient (adj.) in or of times long ago. Is used for the people or products of civilizations of the distant past.}}
• ^{_{Generation (n.) a single stage in the development of a family or the average period of time (about 30 years) between each stage. All people of the same age.}}
• ^{_{Separate (v.) to set or move apart to keep apart, to keep apart, mark a division between.}}
• ^{_{Last for (v.) to remain in use in good condition, or unweakened.}}
• ^{_{Birthplace (n.) the place of the act or time of being born of coming into the world.}}
• ^{_{Durable (adj.) long lasting.         Durability (n.)}}
• ^{_{Develop (v.) grow, increase or become more complete. Developed (adj.)}}
• ^{_{Development (n.) the act or action of developing or the state of being developed.}}
• ^{_{Overflow (v.) to flow the edges, to go beyond limits.}}
• ^{_{Deposit (v.) to put down.}}
• ^{_{Strip (n.) a narrow piece of land, paper or cloth.}}
• ^{_{Soil (n.) the top covering of the earth in which plants grow.}}
• ^{_{Fertile (adj.) able to produce or grow many young, fruits or seeds. ≠}}
• ^{_{Irrigation (n.) supply water to dry land.}}
• ^{_{Route (n.) a way planned or followed from one place to another.}}
• ^{_{Supply (n.) an amount.}}
• ^{_{Provide with (v.) to supply something needed or useful.}}
• ^{_{Transportation (n.) the act of transporting or of being transported.             A means or system of carrying passengers or goods from one place to another.}}
• ^{_{Preserved (adj.) kept in good condition for a long time by some special treatment.}}
• ^{_{Magnificent (adj.) great, grand.}}
• ^{_{Structure (n.) the way in which parts are formed into a whole.}}
• ^{_{Gigantic(adj.) unusually large in amount or size.}}
• ^{_{Democratic (adj.) of, related to or favouring democracy. Favouring and practicing social quality.}}
• ^{_{Government (n.) the action , form, or method of ruling.}}
• ^{_{Revolution (n.) a time of great social change especially the changing of a ruler and/ or political system by force.}}
• ^{_{Revolutionary (adj.) completely new and different. Connected with revolution being caused a revolution.}}
• ^{_{Achievement (n.) something important that you achieve. When you succeed in doing or getting what you have worked for.}}
• ^{_{Crumble (v.) to break apart into small pieces or make something do this. To lose power, become weak, or fail.}}
• ^{_{Tribe (n.) a group of people who have the same race, language and customs and who live together in the same area.}}
• ^{_{Overthrown (v.) to use force to remove a leader or government from power.}}
• ^{_{War-like (adj.) countries or people are eager to fight wars or often fight wars.}}
• ^{_{Spectacular (adj.) very impressive or exciting.}}
• ^{_{Community (n.) a small area or town and the people who live in it.}}
• ^{_{Conquer (v.) to win control of a country or defeat an enemy by fighting a war.}}
• ^{_{Control (v.) to make someone or something do what you want or make them work in particular way.}}
• ^{_{Empire (n.) a group of countries that are controlled by one ruler or government.}}
• ^{_{Emperor (n.) the head of an empire.}}
• ^{_{Vast (adj.) very large and wide, great in size or amount.}}
• ^{_{Legal (adj.) allowed or made by law, lawful.}}
• ^{_{Illegal (adj.) not legal, against the law.}}
• ^{_{Inhabitant (n.) a person who lives in a particular place.}}
• ^{_{Historian (n.) a person who studies and/or writes about history.}}
• ^{_{Resist (v.) to oppose, stand or fight against (force). To remain unchanged or unharmed by.}}

 

 

 

 

 

 

_{Write down dates that are important in your personal history.}

• _{The date you were born.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

1.  

• _{The day you started school.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

 

• _{The day you travelled to another country for the first time.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

1.  

• _{The day you had your biggest academic success.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

1.  

• _{An important day in your country’s history.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

1.  

• _{The day you had your biggest sporting success.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

1.  

• _{The day your country had a big sporting success.}

_{…………………………………………………………………………..}

 

Read the information below. In one or two sentences, explain how each of these people did something that changed history.

Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Alexander the Great became King of Macedonia, a state in northern , at the age of 20. Over the next twelve years, Alexander took his army east, conquering the countries now known as Turkey, Northern Syria, Afghanistan, Iran and Paakistan. in 323, he died suddenly of a fever at the age of 33.

 

Joan Of Arc (1412-1413)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 In 1429, the English army had invaded North France. A 17-year-old girl called Joan of Arc persuaded te French king to allow her to lead his army against the English. She succeeded in defeating the English. However, she was eventually captured by them, and burnt as a witch.

 

 

      Nelson Mandela (1412-1413)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  In early 1950s, the all-white government of South Africa established apatheid, a system that separated white people from black people. Nelson Mandela, a black South Africa lawyer, became deputy president of an organisation that resisted apartheid. In 1964, he was imprisoned for life. When he came out of prison in 1990, mandela reached an agreement with the white government to end apatheid peacefully. In1994, Mandela became president of a multi-racial government. Mandela's presidency ended in June 1999.

 

 

 

Student Book P.18

 

 

• _{Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}

1.  
2.  

• _{Joan of Arc (1412-1413)}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}

1.  

• _{Nelson Mandela (born 1918)}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}
• _{……………………………………………………………………………………………………….}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grammar

 

The Past Tenses

The Past Simple Tense

 

Formation

 

 

   _{يتكون الماضي البسيط من المصدر بدو to مضافا إليه d أو ed . وهناك أفعال شاذة يتم تصريفها}

   _{تصريف خاص . الماضي البسيط هو التصريف الثاني للفعل.}

                                                 _{v.inf. + d or ed}

_{Ex) move: moved           wash: washed        speak: spoke     buy: bought}

_{* إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاعف الحرف الساكن في الماضي.}

_{Ex) Travel: travelled                       stop: stopped}

_{* إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بـy مسبوقة بحرف ساكن تحول الـy الى I و يضاف إليها ed .}

_{Ex) study: studied                           cry: cried}

_{* إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بـy مسبوقة بحرف متحرك تبقى كما هي و يضاف إليها ed .}

_{Ex) play: played                               stay: stayed}

 

 

 

 

Usage

_{1-   للتعبير عن حدث وقع و انتهى في الماضي.}

_{* He visited Luxor last week.}

_{2-   للتعبير عن عادة في الماضي.}

_{* The Ancient Egyptians worshipped the sun.}

 

 

 

key words

   _{في الماضي         in the past   أمس            yesterdayالماضي      last}

         _{ago ذات مرة        onceفي قديم الزمن      in the ancient times}

 

 

Negative

• _{في حالة نفي الماضي البسيط نقوم باستخدام did notأوdidn’t+ v.inf.}

_{Ex) I didn’t go to Egypt last year.}

 

 

 

_{Conjugation Of Irregular Verbs  تصريف الافعال الشاذة}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Past Continous Tense

 

Formation

  _{V.to Be(at past)+Gerund}

         _{Was,were+ v.ing}

_{Ex) Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.}

• _{يستعمل الماضي المستمر للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر في الماضي عند وقوع حدث اخر}

_{Ex) While I was playing tense, I fell down.}

 

 

Usage

• _{يستعمل للتعبير عن حدثين مختلفين كانا يحدثان في نفس الوقت.}

_{Ex)While I was driving my car, my friend was sleeping.}

_{As, while, when}

 

 

 

key words

                         _{Ex) As I was studying, I heared a cry.}

                         _{Ex) The pupil was doing the exercise when the bell rang.}

      

 

Notice ملاحظة

 

   _{* يأتي بعدas,while الماضي المستمر اما الفعل الرئيسي فيكون في الماضي البسيط.}

_{Ex) I saw him as I was driving to the station.}

           _{* يأتي بعد When الماضي البسيط أما الفعل الرئيسي فيكون في الماضى المستمر.}

_{Ex) What were you doing when I met you?}

 

Negative

_{* في حالة النفي نضع Not بين V.to Be وV.ing}                                                  

                                                               _Was

                                                                                             _{+not + V.ing}

                                                                _Were

_{Ex)He wasn't driving the car when you were studying.}

 

 

 

Notice ملاحظة

                               _{* بعض الافعال لا تستخدم في الازمنة المستمرة و هي:}

 

_{Ex) This book belongs to me.         {Not} This book is belonging to me.}

_{Ex) He wished to be a doctor.         {Not} He was wishing to be a doctor.}

 

The Past Perfect Tense

 

 

Formation

                              _Had+P.P

        

Usage

                  _{Ex)The teacher gave back the books that he had corrected.}

_{* يستعمل الماضي التام للتعبير عن حدث تم في الماضي قبل حدث ماضي اخر.}

                             _{Ex)I ate the food which I had bought.}

 

 

key words

                            _{after, before}

                       _{Ex) After he had finished his work, he went out.}

                       _{Ex) The train had left before I reached the station.}

 

 

 

Notice ملاحظة

           _{* يأتي بعد after الماضي التام أما الفعل الرئيسي فيكون في الماضي البسيط.}

         _{* أما before فيأتي بعدها الماضي البسيط و يكون الفعل الرئيسي الماضي التام}                                  

 

 

 

Negation

_{* في حالة النفي نقوم بوضع notبين Hadو التصريف الثالث للفعلP.P}

                     _{Ex)It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was nervous}                                        

                             _{because I had not flown before.}

 

Student Book P.19     Singular or Plural

 

 

_{a) We use some nouns only in the plural.}

_{* For example: trousers, jeans, pyjamas, scissors, glasses/spectacles}

_{b) You can use a pair of ... with these words.}

_{* For example: I need some new trousers OR I need a new pair of trousers.}

_{c) We don’t often use the plural of person (persons).Instead we use people.}

_{* For example: He is a nice person.}

                         _{They are nice people.}

_{d) Some singular nons are often used with a plural verb.}

_{* For example:government, staff, team, family, audience, committe, police.}

_{e) some times we can use them as singular.}

_{*For example: The government wants to reduce the taxes.}

                           _{The government want to reduce the taxes.}

_{f) These nouns end in -s but they are not usually plural.}

_{* For example: mathematics, physics, economics, gymenastics, news.}

_{g) Some times we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We do this when we     talk about a sum of money, a period of time, a distance atc.}

_{* For example: Five thousand pounds(=it) was stolen in the robbery.(not are)}

                         _{Three years (=it)is a long time to be without a job.(not are)}

 

_Prefixes

_{Prefix is a place at the beginning of a word to change the meaning of that word.}

Prefix	Meaning	Examples
Pre-
Anti-
Re-
Dis-
Un-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_{Match each prefix with its meaning and then try to think of a word that starts with that prefix.}

_{One of them means “before” , two of them mean “not” or indicate the opposite of a word, one of them means “do” again, one of them means “against”}

 

Exercise