Vocabulary

• _{Coast (n.) The land next to the sea.}
• _{Capital city (n.) a town where the centre of government is.}
• _{Ex) Paris is the capital of France.}
• _{Educate (v.) to teach, train the character or mind.}
• _{Education (n.) teaching or the training of mind and character .}
• _{Educational (adj.) providing education}
• _{Educationist ꞊꞊ educationalist (n.) a specialist in education}
• _{Famous(adj.) very well known , known over a wide area}
• _{Event (n.) an important happening}
• _{Historic (adj.) important in history}
• _{Historical (adj.) which represents a fact of history}
• _{Historian (n.) a person who studies and writes about history}
• _{History (n.) The study of events in the past.}
• _{Take place (v.) to happen}
• _{System (n.) a group of related parts working together.}
• _{Discuss (v.) to talk about (with someone) from several points of view.}
• _{Discussion (n.) a case or the action of discussing.}
• _{Assess (v.) to calculate or decide on the value of (property) or an amount for some special purpose. Assessment (n.)}
• _{Private (adj.) Intended only for oneself or a chosen group, not shared with everyone in general. Not connected with or paid for by the government , public service.}
• _{Ex) You shouldn’t read people’s private letters.}
• _{Semester (n.) either of the two periods into which a year at universities or schools.}
• _{Term (n.) one of the periods of time into which the school or university year is divided.}
• _{Subject (n.) a branch of knowledge studied as part of one’s education.}
• _{Compulsory (adj.) put into force by the law orders. Compulsorily .(adv.)}
• _{School time table (n.) a table of the times at which classes in a school take place.}
• _{Examination= exam (n.) a spoken or written test of knowledge.}
• _{Maid(n.) a female servant.}
• _{Activities (n.) movements, actions, the state of being active. Something that is done or is being done.}
• _{Arithmetic = mathematics (n.) the science of numbers, calculation by numbers.}
• _{Chemistry (n.) the science which studies the substances (elements) which make up the earth , universe and living things.}
• _{Physics (n.) a science concerned with the study of matter and natural forces (such as light, heat, movement)}
• _{Biology (n.) the scientific study of living things.}
• _{Popular (adj.) favoured by many people, well liked.}
• _{Aborigine (n.) a member of a group , tribe that lived in a place from the earliest times. Aboriginal(adj.)}
• _{Original (adj.) first, earliest. . ≠ unoriginal}
• _{Inhabitant (n.) a person who lives in a particular place.}
• _{Reconciliation (n.) peace- making}
• _{Series (n.) a group of things of the same kind , coming one after another in order.}
• _{Produce (v.)to show, bring out, grow or supply.}
• _{Production (n.) the act of producing.}
• _{Effort (n.) the use of strength.}
• _{Encourage (v.) to give confidence or hope to someone.}
• _{Imagination (n.) the act of imagining or the ability to imagine.}
• _{Imagine (v.) a picture in the mind.}
• _{Progress (n.) advance, continual improvement or development.}
• _{Friendship (n.) the condition of sharing a friendly relationship, feeling and behavior that exists between friends.}
• _{Childhood (n.) the time or condition of being a child.}
• _{Manhood (n.) the condition or qualities of being a man.}
• _{Footpath (n.) a narrow path or track for people to walk on.}
• _{Footman (n.) a man servant who wears a uniform.}
• _{Lifeless (adj.) having no life, dead, lacking strength.}
• _{Lifetime (n.) the time during which a person is alive.}
• _{Lifeboat (n.) a boat used for saving people in danger at sea.}
• _{Pipeline (n.) a long line of pipes often underground, for carrying liquids or gas.}

• _{Farmyard (n.) a yard surrounded by farm building.}
• _{Underline (v.) to mark one or more words by drawing a line underneath.}
• _{Daylight (n.) the light of day.}
• _{Creativity (n.) the ability to produce new and original ideas and things.}
• _{Curriculum (n.) a course of study offered in a school, college.}
• _{Public (adj.) concerning people in general, not private.}
• _{Private (adj.) intended only for oneself or a chosen group, not shared with everyone in general.}
• _{Tropical (adj.) related to, or living in the tropics.}
• _{Tropic (n.) one of the two imaginary lines drawn around the world.}
• _{Cattle (n.) large four-legged farm animals, especially cows, kept for their meat or milk.}

 

 

Brazil

Name: Federative Republic of Brazil 

Continent: South America

Capital: Brasilia

Area: 8,514,877 square kilometers

Population: 205,716,890 (2012 estimate)

Form of Government: Federal presidential constitutional republic

National Day: September 7, 1822 (Independence from Portugal)

Head of State: President Dilma Rousseff

Currency: Brazilian real

Major language: Portuguese

        Major religion: Roman Cathol

Geography:Brazil is the largest country in South America, and the fifth largest country in the world. Located in eastern South America along the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil borders Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Because of its large size, Brazil has a wide variety of landscapes, though mostly flat, there are mountain ranges and highlands, as well as coastal regions . Many rivers traverse Brazil, which has mostly tropical climates, such as the Amazon, the second largest river in the world. About 60 percent of the Amazon Rainforest is within Brazil, which has suffered from deforestation and drought in recent years.

 

 

 

 USA

 

One of the most populated and powerful countries in the world, the United States of America is the third largest country, with a total land area of about 3,794,066 square miles. The United States is situated between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The nation's capital is Washington DC.

With a population of about 311,591,917, the United States is also the third most populous country in the world. Almost 79% of the entire American population lives in urban areas. New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and Phoenix are the five most populated cities of the United States. While the United States is a diverse nation, the majority of Americans are descended from European immigrants, and African Americans are the largest minority group, followed by Asian Americans.
The United States is a federation of fifty states and one federal district, Washington, District of Colombia. Forty-eight of the fifty states make up the contiguous United States, and Alaska, while still part of the North American continent, is separated from the lower forty-eight by Canada. The fiftieth state, which entered the union most recently, is Hawaii, a chain of islands located in the Pacific Ocean.
The United States also possesses five major unincorporated overseas territories: Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific.

 

 

	USA States and Capitals
State		Capital	State	Capital	State	Capital
Alabama		Montgomery	Montana	Helena	Louisiana	Baton Rouge
Alaska		Juneau	Nebraska	Lincoln	Maine	Augusta
Arizona		Phoenix	Nevada	Carson City	Maryland	Annapolis
Arkansas		Little Rock	NewHampshire	Concord	Massachusetts	Boston
California		Sacramento	NewJersey	Trenton	Michigan	Lansing
Colorado		Denver	NewMexico	Santa Fe	Minnesota	St. Paul
Connecticut		Hartford	NewYork	Albany	Mississippi	Jackson
Delaware		Dover	NorthCarolina	Raleigh	Missouri	Jefferson City
Florida		Tallahassee	NorthDakota	Bismarck	Texas	Austin
Georgia		Atlanta	Ohio	Columbus	Utah	Salt Lake City
Hawaii		Honolulu	Oklahoma	Oklahoma City	Vermont	Montpelier
Idaho		Boise	Oregon	Salem	Virginia	Richmond
Illinois		Springfield	Pennsylvania	Harrisburg	Washington	Olympia
Indiana		Indianapolis	RhodeIsland	Providence	WestVirginia	Charleston
Iowa		Des Moines	SouthCarolina	Columbia	Wisconsin	Madison
Kansas		Topeka	SouthDakota	Pierre	Wyoming	Cheyenne
Kentucky		Frankfort	Tennessee	Nashville

 

 

 

 

Japan

 

Land of antique temples and ultramodern cities, Japan has seamless blend of both worlds. Japan is a nation of rich cultural heritage and many natural wonders. The characters that represent the word ‘Japan’ in the Japanese script also signify that it is the land where the sun originates. It may also be due to the location of Japan in the Far East that Japan is referred to as ‘The Land Of The Rising Sun’. In modern days, the term has taken on an entirely new connotation given the technological advances made by the Japanese and by Japanese companies. The upsurge in Japan’s contribution to international trade and economy is a major influence in global economic trends and in the economy of the United States

 

The capital city, Tokyo, is one of the largest cities in the country and the Greater Tokyo Area is the largest metropolitan area of the world. Japan’s location in the Pacific Ocean has been of great significance both in terms of the country’s political history and its natural environment. While the country is a constitutional monarchy most of the legislative powers of Japan are vested in an elected parliament. The country’s involvement in the two world wars and its subsequent development has made it a significant influence in the world.

Geography:
Japan is located to the east of the Asian continent and shares maritime boundaries with China, and North and South Korea. Japan is an archipelago of over 6,800 islands but Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Hokkaido make up for most of the land mass.

Much of Japan's terrain consists of mountains and forests, and Japan's coastal regions are where the majority of its people live. Climatically, Japan mainly enjoys temperate climate though regional variation is experienced from north to south. Despite its breathtaking beauty, Japan’s location at the convergence of three tectonic plates makes the country prone to a number of natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activity, floods, and typhoons. Add to this the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only nuclear attack in history, and much is to be said about the resilience of the Japan. In March 2011 an earthquake measuring 9Mw hit the eastern coast of Japan causing widespread destruction and triggering tsunami waves over 133 feet high. The subsequent meltdown of nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant caused widespread panic. Thousands were evacuated from adjoining areas. But the situation is well under control and Japan has emerged the resilient victor once again.

 

 

France

 

Capital :Paris

 

Largest City:Paris (2,175,200)

 

Language :French

 

Currency :Euro

 

Population : 60,180,529 (July 2003 est.)

 

Religions : Roman Catholic 85%, Muslim 10%, Protestant 2%, and Jewish 1%

 

Area: more than 210,000 square miles includes the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea

 

HighestMountain : Mont Blanc, in the Alps. It is the highest mountain in Europe. The highest mountain is Mont Blanc in the French Alps. It rises to 4,807m (15,771 ft). Mount Blanc is also the highest peak in the whole of Europe.

 

LongestRiver :River Loire

 

Naturalresources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash

 

France is often described as a country with six sides. Three are coasts. The others are borders with neighbouring countries

 

Weather France generally has cool winters and mild summers. However, along the Mediterranean they have hot summers.

 

The north has cool weather. In the south it gets very hot in summer. Fruits such as oranges and lemons grow in the south.

 

Mountains There are mountains in parts of France. Some mountains are snow-capped
all year round. France's highest mountains are the French Alps and Jura Mountains, bordering Italy and Switzerland, and the Pyrénées, along the frontier with Spain.

 

 

Egypt

 

 

Government type: Republic

Capital: Cairo

Population: There are about 69 million people in Egypt.

The main language is Arabic.

The main religion is Islam, and there are some Christians

 

 

 

 

 

The country known as Egypt is officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt and it is situated in the north-east of Africa; though the Sinai Peninsula forms a land bridge with south-west Asia. It is because of this that Egypt is also called a Middle-East country. Therefore Egypt is a transcontinental country, which helps it in being a major power in Africa, the Middle-East, the Mediterranean, and the Muslim world.

 

Egypt coversan area of approximately 1,001,450km2 (386,662 miles) and is bordered by Israel and the Gaza Strip in the north-east; the Red Sea in the east; Sudan in the south; Libya in the west; and the Mediterranean Sea in the north. It is the 3rd most populous country in Africa and the most populous in the Middle-East with the majority of its estimated 80 million people living on, or near, the banks of the River Nile. Only 5.5% of the total land area is actually used by the population, the area that borders the River Nile as well as a few oases, the other 94.5% being uninhabitable desert.

 

The River Nile is nowadays regarded as the longest river in the world and it enters Egypt from the Sudan and flows north for about 1,545km (960 miles) until it exits into the Mediterranean Sea. From the Sudanese border to Cairo, the River Nile flows through a narrow cliff lined valley, which, south of Edfu, is hardly more than 3km (2 miles) wide. From Edfu to Cairo, it is about 23km (14 miles) in width, with most of the arable land lying on the western side. Just north of Cairo the valley merges with the Delta before the River Nile joins with the Mediterranean Sea.

 

Egypt has one of the most diverse economies in North-Africa and the Middle-East with the various sectors employing the following amounts of people: agriculture 32%; industry 17%; services 39%; and tourism 12%.

 

 

Australia

 

 

Australia is a continent and a country.It is known as the land down under because it is below of the equator.It is also the 6th largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China, USA, and Brazil.There are over 20 million people living in Australia.Australia is divided into six states and two territories.

 

The capital city is Canberra, which is in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).

Area 7,682,300 sq. km

Climate Ranges from tropical to temperate. Most of Australia is arid land

or desert.

Language English

 

Government Democratic Federal system comprising six states and two territories

 

Geography Australia is an island with most of its population living around its coastline. The coastline has many beaches and reefs that are popular with surfers and divers such as the Great Barrier Reef, Bondi Beach and Surfers Paradise. The centre of Australia is mostly desert with very little water. The famous Ayres Rock or Uluru is found here and is a popular tourist attraction.

The Australian Alps are on the south-east side of Australia. The highest mountain, Mount Kosciusko is a great place to go during the summer for hiking and skiing during the winter months.

In the North of Australia you can find rainforests and warmer weather as it is close to the tropics. The Daintree Rainforest is famous for its beauty and hiking trails.

Australia has a long history of farming and crop growing. In the outback, there are many farms that grow rice, wheat, and many vegetables. There are also many dairy and cattle farms that produce milk and beef for local use and to send overseas.

 

Weather Australian seasons are the reverse of the Europeans but the same of the Latin Americans. The summer months in Australia are from December to February and the Autumn months are during March till May. Winter is from June to August with Spring in Australia from September till November.

Queensland and the Northern Territory are located closer to the tropics and generally have warmer and humid weather all year round. New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, South Australia and Perth all experience the four seasons during the year. In Tasmania, the weather is colder than the rest of Australia because it is closer to Antarctica.

 

 

 

 

Grammar

 

 

The Present Simple Tense

 

Formation

   يتكون المضارع البسيط من المصدر بدون to و في بعض الحالات يضاف  s أو es 

 

He                                                             I

 

She                 verb + s or es               You                     v.inf.

 

     It                                                             We

 

                                                              They

 

* نضيف es مع الأفعال التي تنتهي بـ ss, sh, ch, o, x, بشرط أن تكون هذه الأفعال مع الضمائر He, She, It   أو مع الأسماء التي تحل محل هذه الضمائر.

 

Ex) go: goes                       mix: mixes                           pass: passes

 

     wash: washes             watch: watches

*الأفعال التي تنتهي بـyبعد حرف ساكن تحول فيهل الـy الى I ويضاف إليها esأما إذا كان قبل الـ y حرف متحرك فإن الـ y تظل كما هي و يضاف إليها s.

 

Ex) play: plays                                 cry: cries

 

   و الحروف المتحركة هي:( a, e, o, u,i)

 

 

 

للتعبير عن حقيقة علميةScientific fact .

 

 

 

Usage

 

* The water freezes at 0ºC.

 

   للتعبير عن عادةhabitأو عن أعمال تكررrepeatedly .

 

* I get up at 7 o’clock every morning.

 

 

 

للتعبير عن القدرةability .

 

* Ahmed speaks English well.

 

لوصف الأشخاص والأشياء.      

 

* The weather is fine today.

 

في الحكم و الأمثال proverbs.

 

* The end justifies the means.

 

 

 

key words

 

 

 

فترة زمنيةEvery +              دائما ً                          Alwaysعادة         Usually

 

أبدا   Never من آن لاّخر        Occasionally في بعض الأحيان         Sometimes

 

 غالباً              Often   بوجه عام               generally نادرا         Scarcely, rarely

 

Negative

 

في حالة نفي المضارع البسيط نقوم باستخدام don’t أو doesn’t.

 

نستخدم don’t مع الأفعال inf. أما doesn’t مع الأفعال المضاف لها s أو es.

 

Ex) I don’t use the car everyday.

 

     Ann doesn’t often drink tea.

 

 

                             V.to Be (at present) + Gerund

                                                 am ,is , are   + V.ing

           Ex) I am writing now.

• يستعمل المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدث يقع الاّن أو في هذه اللحظة.

                   Ex) He is speaking English at the this moment.

• يستعمل المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدثين مختلفين يحدثان مختلفين يحدثان معا في نفس الوقت.

       Ex) I’m reading a new novelnow, but my brother is playing football.

• يستعمل للدلالة على المستقبل القريب.

       Ex) I’m going to read the story tonight.

• يستعمل للتعبير على المواقف المؤقتةTemporary Situation.

       Ex) I am living with my friends until I find new flat.

                             Now , listen , at this moment , at present , look

                 Ex) Look! The children are playing.

                 Ex) This man speaks English well, but at this moment he

                       is speaking French.

* قي حالة النفي نضعnot بين v.to be والـv.ing

                                       am

                                       is                               not+V.ing

                                       are

Ex) Iam not playing football now.

     He is not playing games now because he is writing his homework.

 

 

Exercise